More divergences in Q3-23…

In China, GDP grew 1.3 per cent quarter-on-quarter (q/q), an improvement from the weak 0.5 per cent in Q2, but still significantly lagging the pre-pandemic trend. Domestic demand improved somewhat, but the low level of inflation, hovering around 0 per cent in the past few months, suggests that the economic slack remains significant.

Although the economy is not falling off a cliff, Eurozone GDP nonetheless fell -0.1 per cent q/q amid higher interest rates, slowing external demand and the lingering impacts of the energy price shock.

… but the US’ outperformance will be tested

In sharp contrast, US GDP surged 1.2 per cent q/q – or 4.9 per cent q/q annualised – the fastest pace since 2021. However, the US’ outperformance was driven in large part by temporary factors that are unlikely to be repeated and the strength of the consumer will be increasingly tested by elevated borrowing costs, tighter access to credit and the recent resumption of student-loan payments.

Higher bond yields spooked central banks…

The recent rise in global sovereign yields can be explained in part by the “higher for longer”, as central banks have insisted monetary policy would remain tight for some time. It can also be explained by risks regarding public finances and debt sustainability as interest payments are expected to surge in the next few years, as well as uncertainty regarding inflation volatility in the next few years. Correspondingly, investors are demanding a higher term premium. This trend has several repercussions, especially in the US.

The Fed acknowledged rates might not be sufficiently restrictive for inflation to move back to target. That said, while it left the door open to another increase after pausing for the second meeting in a row, Fed Chair Powell hinted that tighter financial conditions in general, and a run-up in Treasury yields in particular, reduced the impetus to tighten policy further as it will likely weigh on economic activity. Ironically, the move following Powell’s remarks might force the Fed to go back to its hiking campaign as the fight against inflation is far from over.

… but inflation still requires vigilance

In most countries, there has been a continued decline in inflation, and investors expect that inflation dynamics will converge seamlessly towards the respective central bank targets. A large part of the disinflation was driven by the decline in commodity prices in the later part of 2022, especially energy, and by the significant improvement in supply chain disruptions. In contrast, core inflation has been more stubborn as services inflation has tended to move lower only gradually.

Admittedly, commodity price shocks mainly affect relative prices rather than overall inflation, explaining why central banks usually look through them. But at a time when inflation has been high for long, some central banks may need to proceed with greater caution to prevent inflation from getting entrenched.